Characteristics, potential and challenges of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs): Introduction

Characteristics, potential and challenges of plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs): IntroductionPlant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs) or vertical farms can contribute to solving global and local issues of food safety and security, protecting the environment, increasing demands for higher quality fresh foods, and reducing food mileage and food loss. However, current PFALs consume significant amounts of electricity, chemical fertilizer, metals, cement and other materials, which emit CO2 during their manufacture. CO2 emissions from

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